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Type	Code	Meaning
Region	EE	Eastern Europe
	CE	Central Europe
	WE	Western Europe
	ME	Middle East
Country	USSR	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
	US	United States (of America)
	BR	Britain
	FR	France
	SROV	Socialist Republic of Vietnam
	GER	Germany
	EGER	East Germany
	WGER	West Germany
	CZE	Czechoslovakia
	DPRK	Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
	ROK	Republic of Korea
	PRC	People’s Republic of China
Policy	CP	Containment Policy
Politics	POTUS	President of the United States
	VPOTUS	Vice President of the United States
	PM	Prime Minister
	KMT	Kuomintang
	CCP	Chinese Communist Party
	UN	United Nations
Military	ICBM	Intercontinental ballistic missiles
Military	MAD	Mutual assured destruction

Characteristics of Cold War

Type	Name	Description
Characteristic	Economic rivalry	US (representative of the capitalist bloc) - Marshall Plan → aid WE → containment policy and ease communism spread USSR (representative of the communist bloc) - Molotov Plan → aid EE Impact - Intense hostilities
	Military rivalry (forming opposing military organizations)	WE - NATO EE - Warsaw Pact
	Armaments race	US - (WWII) Developed atomic bombs (Hiroshima + Nagasaki) USSR - (1949) Developed atomic bombs Common - (1953) Developed thermonuclear weapons + intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) + built missile bases Impact - Rise in military expenditures + great threats to world peace + intense hostilities
	Space race	US - (1958) Launched first satellite (Explorer 1) USSR - (1957) Launched first satellite (Sputnik 1) Impact - Rise in space exploration expenditures + intense hostilities
	Regional conflicts (proxy wars)	Definition - Not direct wars between US and USSR, but conflicts in different regions representing the two blocs (1946-1949) Greek Civil War (1946-1949) Chinese Civil War (1950-1953) Korean War (1961-1975) Vietnam War Impact - Intense hostilities + worsened regional problems
	Spying activities	US - Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) USSR - Committee of State Security (KGB) (1960) U-2 Incident
	Stopping all kinds of communication	Definition - Termination of trade and cultural exchanges between capitalist and communist blocs (1980) US boycott of Moscow Olympics (1984) USSR boycott of Los Angeles Olympics Impact - WE and EE have no contact → intense hostilities
	Rivalry in propaganda	Definition - Two blocs promote their own political ideas and attacked the counterpart (1946) Iron Curtain Speech (1957) USSR radio announcement on successful launch of Sputnik 1

(1945-1953) Stalin Period / End of WWII

Type	Year	Name	Description
Foreign policy	1945-1965	Containment Policy	Ease the spread of communism → intense hostilities
Foreign policy	1947	Truman Doctrine	Greek Civil War → Truman requested Congress to provide USD $400M to support Turkey and Greek → ease the spread of communism → intense hostilities
Event	1946-1949	Chinese Civil War	Course - US supported KMT → contain communism in Asia → KMT retreated to Taiwan → (1949) PRC established → new communist regime Impact - US worried about communism spread to Asia → provided resources and USN 7th Fleet to KMT until KMT quit UN → containment policy - PRC established → Sino-Soviet relationship enhanced → communist cooperation
	1946	Iron Curtain Speech	Background - USSR communism promotion in EE → more USSR satellite states + expansion into Turkey, Greece, Iran Course - BR PM Winston Churchill criticized USSR for violating Yalta Conference → (March 1946) speech in US → imagined "Iron Curtain" along CE and EE to block WE communication + US should cooperate with WE to resist USSR expansions → USSR responded regimes in EE are for national safety only Impact - Truman adopted CP against USSR → intense hostilities
	1947	Marshall Plan and Molotov Plan	Background - Ease communism spread Course - Truman proposed Marshall Plan + USSR proposed Molotov Plan as a response → USSR did not allow Molotov Plan countries to trade with WE Impact - Slower communism spread → econ rivalry → intense hostilities between two econ blocs
	1948-1949	Berlin Crisis	Background - Yalta Conference + Potsdam Conference → GER divided into four zones (US, BR, FR, USSR) → USSR wanted to weaken GER + US, BR, FR wanted to recover GER → US, BR, FR trizonia → protested by USSR → GER divided into WGER, EGER Course - Allowed WGER to join Marshall Plan → USSR cut all land routes from East Berlin to WGER → USSR provided airlift to provide food, oil, daily supplies to East Berlin + BR stopped coal and steel supply to EGER + US sent B29 to BR → (1949) NATO formed → NATO Article 5 → USSR softened attitude and lifted blockade Impact - Split GER into WGER and EGER until 1990 reunification Led to Berlin Wall → stopping all kinds of communication WE aligned with US to balance power → formation of NATO → military rivalry
	1949	Formation of NATO	Background - Berlin Crisis → US needed long-term military alliance Course - 12 countries formed NATO to military support and resist communism Impact - US-USSR military confrontation → military rivalry US abandoned isolationism → started involving in international affairs Led to Warsaw Pact + enhanced arms race → invention of nuclear weapons → might have led to end of the world
	1950-1953	Korean War	Background - Korea Empire was a colony of Japan → WWII Japan surrender → divided Korean Peninsula into DPRK and ROK at 38th Parallel Course - Kim Il-sung ambition to unify Korean Peninsula → DPRK Army crossed 38th Parallel → occupied Seoul → UN troops sent led by Gen. MacArthur → DPRK retreated to near PRC border → PRC sent volunteer army → UN troops retreated → stalemate along 38th Parallel → DPRK signed cease fire Impact - USSR attended every UN meeting → one-vote veto system → UN meetings became power struggles between USSR and US → UN not effective → use of military organizations → military rivalry US sent 7th Fleet to protect KMT → US rearm → allowed rearm and entry to NATO of WGER → CP

(1953-1964) Khrushchev Period

Type	Year	Name	Description
Foreign policy	1945-1965	Containment Policy	Ease the spread of communism → intense hostilities
	1953-1961	Eisenhower Doctrine	If any ME countries get "invasion from communism", they can request econ/military assistance from US + UN is not reliable → Eisenhower requested Congress to use US Armed Forces for protecting ME when needed → CP
	1961-1963	Kennedy Doctrine	Supported CP → actively contained communism
Event	1955	Warsaw Pact	Background - WGER entered NATO → threatened communist bloc in EE Course - USSR established Warsaw Pact with 8 countries + established an article that is similar to NATO's article 5 Impact - Military rivalry → EE, WE split into two military camps → enhanced arms race + slower GER reunification
	1959	Exchange and Paris Summit	Course - VPOTUS Nixon visited Moscow → promoted US products to USSR + Khrushchev visited Washington Impact - US, USSR, BR, FR planned Paris Summit to settle disputes peacefully (nuclear disarm + GER problems) → attempt of comms → suspended due to U2 Incident
	1960	U-2 Incident	Course - US spy plane shot down in Russia → Eisenhower denied intelligence activities (said plane was weather research aircraft) → USSR revealed plane and pilot found → Eisenhower admitted → USSR demanded apology → Eisenhower refused → USSR withdrew from Paris Summit Impact - Spying activities → end of US-USSR relations improvement → worsened relationship
	1961	Berlin Wall	Course - US helped WGER econ → recovered rapidly + EGER econ depression → 2.1M ppl (many workers, professionals) looked for shelter in WGER → EGER ppl escaped to WGER → WE refused to withdraw from Berlin → USSR built Berlin Wall, watchtowers to prevent escape Impact - US increase in military expenditure to support West Berlin + USSR ended nuclear test agreement → nuclear race
	1961-1975	Vietnam War	Background - Vietnam was occupied by Japan → WWII Japan surrender → (1954) Vietnam independence → divided into north (communist), south (capitalist) in 17th Parallel → south refused to unify → started eliminating communists in south (supported by US because Domino Theory) Course - South resisted with US forces → US retreat → North Vietnam triumph Impact - (1976) SROV founded (communist) + US high expenditure and massacre → TV more common in US → shown on TV → more US civilian anti-war (against CP) → internal pressure → abandon of CP
	1962	Cuban Missile Crisis	Background - Cuba pro-US → Castro revolution → Cuba pro-USSR → US cut diplomacy with Cuba + JFK support of Castro overthrow → Cuba became communist → closer to USSR + US concerned of national security, communism spread to Central, South America Course - US missile bases in Turkey and Italy → USSR missile bases in Cuba to counter → JFK imposed naval blockade on Cuba → warned USSR to remove Cuba missile bases → Khrushchev, JFK agreement to remove missile bases → US lifted blockade → promised not to invade Cuba → removed missile bases in Turkey Impact - Moscow-Washington hotline, Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty → attempts of comms → improved relations USSR thought Khrushchev weak → USSR coup → change in leadership USSR demanded Cuba confront → USSR demanded Cuba compromise → PRC discontent → Sino-Soviet relations worsened

(1965-1979) Detente

Type	Name	Description
Reason for Detente	Huge cost of armaments race	Development and tests of nuclear arms (ie. hydrogen bombs, ICBM, TNT) → (US) USD $14.5B to $75.4B + (USSR) USD $15.5B to $80.9B (1950-1967) → both sides wanted lessen burden + raise people's living standards → wanted restrict arms race
	Fear of nuclear war	USSR Sputnik capable of launching ICBM to US + US deployed strategic missile forces + Cuban Missile Crisis → MAD → both sides wanted prevent nuclear war → reduced tension to negotiate
	Internal pressure	Vietnam War → anti-war wave → Nixon abandoned Truman Doctrine and adopted Nixon Doctrine USSR internal problems (ie. econ development, living standards) → wanted national construction by expanding trade and exchange in tech with West
	Sino-Soviet split	(1958) Khrushchev criticized PRC's Great Leap Forward + CCP opposed Khrushchev's criticism of Stalin + (1969) Zhenbao Island conflict → intense relations between PRC and USSR → reduced communist threat to US + CPC and USSR scared of isolation → both wanted better relations with US → indirect help of improving US-USSR relations
	Rise of Richard Nixon	(1969) Nixon became POTUS → Nixon Doctrine to reduce conflicts with USSR + nuclear umbrella → limited nuclear proliferation → SALT → reduced tension
Foreign policy	Nixon Doctrine	US only provided military and econ support → less intervention to allies defenses → reduced tension Nuclear umbrella → provided nuclear protection to allies → limited nuclear proliferation + alliances stability → reduced nuclear race
Foreign policy	Gerald Ford Doctrine
Event	Signing of nuclear treaties	(1963) Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1968) Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons → attempts of comms
	Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties	(1972) SALT I signed → attempt of disarm and comms (1979) SALT II signed → failed due to Soviet-Afghan War → regional conflicts caused no comms
	Exchange visits	(1972) Nixon visited Moscow (1973) Brezhnev visited Washington → US agreed export oil rigs and wheat to USSR + USSR promised pressurize North Vietnam ceasefire → attempts of comms → reduced tension
	Negotiation on German problems	(1972) US, BR, FR, USSR signed Quadripartite Agreement → attempts of comms (1973) WGER, EGER joined UN together → reduced tension between two blocs → reduced military rivalry
	Helsinki Agreement	NATO, Warsaw Pact met at Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) → signed Helsinki Agreement → WE recognized boundary of EE + EE promised give basic human rights to EE people → attempts of comms tension greatly relieved
	Enhancing econ ties	(1969) US Export Administration Act → loosened restrictions on exports to USSR + approved large-scale trade with USSR → (1970-1975) Increased US-USSR trade (USD $200M to $2B) → reduced econ rivalry + attempts of comms
	Space cooperation	(US) Apollo 18 and (USSR) Soyuz 19 docked in space, carried out joint experiments → end of space race + attempt of comms

(1979-1985) End of Detente

Type	Year	Name	Description
Foreign policy	1981-1989	Reagan Doctrine	Abandoned Nixon, Ford Doctrines + communism rollback → supported regions overthrow communist regimes → increased hostilities, regional conflicts Increased military expenditure → enhanced arms race
Event	1979	Soviet invasion of Afghanistan	Course - US helped overthrow pro-Soviet regime in Afghan → USSR worried control loss → sent troops to Afghan → Persian Gulf region major oil supply → US demanded USSR withdraw → USSR refused Impact - Failure of SALT II + Olympics boycotts + worse USSR econ → part of USSR dissolution → end of Cold War
	1981	Suppression of Polish Solidarity	Course - Solidarity was trade union of Poland workers → fought for rights of workers → USSR and Poland suppressed, martial law → US limited trade Impact - gained independence → USSR suppression → worse USSR image Reagan was POTUS → Reagan Doctrine → failure of communism rollback → tensed US-USSR relations
	1983	Strategic Defense Initiative	USSR stronger nuclear weapons → Reagan imposed SDI → restart of space race→ support regions overthrow communist regimes

(1985-1991) End of Cold War

Type	Year	Name	Description
Foreign policy	1985-1991	Sinatra Doctrine	Gorbachev became USSR leader → EE autonomy → could move away from USSR control → gained independence Non-intervention on EE → no military force for maintain USSR influence Support of reform in USSR (econ and political)

Abbreviations / Meanings

Type	Code	Meaning
Region	SEA	Southeast Asia
	CWB	Causeway Bay
	HK	Hong Kong
	US	United States
Country	UK	United Kingdom
	JP	Japan
	ROC	Republic of China
	CN	Chinese
	EN	English
	BR	Britain
Politics // Policies // Military	ExCo	Executive Council
	LegCo	Legislative Council
	PoW	Prisoners of War
	KMT	Kuomintang
	GLF	Great Leap Forward
Other	R/O	Reform and Opening up
Other	CN	Chinese

(1850~1950) Chinese Influencers in Hong Kong

Name	Description
Sir Robert Bosman Hotung 何東爵士	- Eurasian race → identified himself as Chinese - Graduated in Central College (Queens' College) (Dr. Sun's alma mater) → bilingual (CN+EN) - 1st CN to live on the Peak - Diverse businessman → close connection with CN reformers
Chow Shouson 周壽臣	- Studied abroad in US (Qing Dynasty period) → bilingual (CN+EN) → mediations between conflicts - 1st CN unofficial member of ExCo - Worked in CN railway bureau + Korea → banking business → wealthy merchant
Wu Tingfang 伍廷芳 / Ng Choy 伍才	- Graduated in St. Paul College - 1st CN barrister + 1st unofficial LegCo member - ROC foreign minister + Qing second class official → drafted and negotiated treaties - Sir Kai Ho = brother-in-law
Sir Kai Ho 何啟爵士	- Educated in Central College abroad → became both lawyer and doctor + bilingual (fluent in CN+EN) - Became unofficial member in LegCo → cannot vote - Tried to protect CN interests // business partner with foreigners → sometimes sided with westerners - Not accepted into CN clubs + westernized → identity = stuck in middle - Awarded knighthood → became Sir Kai Ho
Ma Ying-piu 馬應彪	- Established 1st HK department store (Sincere Department Store) - Family moved to Australia → learned new business model → from grocery to department store → 1st price-tagged imported department stores to HK - Counters to serve customers → 1st store to hire women sales // rooftop = playground + 1st building to have lift - Supported revolutionaries against Qing → helped in fundraising + supplies
Lee Leung Yik 利良奕 / Lee Hysan 利希慎	- Part of the Lee clan - Participated in opium trading (dark history) - Post-war HK → Jardine sold CWB to Lee family → Lee built properties in CWB → became land owner

(Pre-WWII) Hong Kong Modernization

Aspect	Description
Characteristics	Diversified industry: Swire dockyard (Royal Navy repair) // Whampoa dockyard (heavy industry) // sugar production // soda manufacturing (retailing) Transportation hub: Steamships // railways (KCR) // aviation (Kai Tak Airport) Western education: Originally CN+EN → system changed to EN+science+math → tertiary education (HKU) Business branches: Stores like Sincere had different branches (HK // Shanghai branches)
Factors	Excellent geographical location: HK near South China Sea and Western Pacific Ocean → easy access to mainland and Pacific region → became trading hub // deep-water harbor Free port policy: UK declared HK free trading port → ships from any countries could enter // no taxes for entering // no tariffs for any imported goods Comprehensive infrastructure: Warehouse and piers near Victoria Harbor // Taikoo and Whampoa dockyards // Transportation: KCR + Kai Tak Airport Sufficient capital: Chartered Bank + HK Shanghai Banking → provided loans + financing + insurances + trades + investments → capital for entrepot trade
Contributions to Asia	Spread of business: HK introduced first dept store → spread to SEA // Nam Pak Hong branches in mainland China + SEA → conduct trade of Nam Pak products + remittance Jardine Matheson → conduct trade between HK and SEA Revolutionary base: Ma Ying-piu donated money to Dr Sun → 1911 revolution → overthrow Qing dynasty → establish republic → promoted democracy / equality Provided shelters for reformers (educated in HK // western education → democratic ideas) Gender equality: Women's employment → first to hire women workers (fashion show // cosmetician) Western education of women: central college / QC // Ying Wah Girl's School // Bellio's Public School → founding of HKU → foster education of talents → contributed to development of PRC Freedom of religion: Promoted Christianity to HK // neighbouring regions through business

Imperial Japanese Occupation of Hong Kong

Ruling	Description
Military rule	Martial law + no separation of powers representation → rule by violence // terror → executions + interment camps
Indirect rule	Use CN to govern CN / foreigner PoW → used as bargaining chips during war

Governor	Description
Sir Mark Young 楊慕琦爵士	Defeated by JP → low reputation / unpopular → CN did not respect him

Young Plan	Description
Description	Establishment of Municipal Council for Chinese to vote → democratization // representation of CN // internal affairs → appease the CN → lessen negativity against UK colonial rule
Factors of failure	Independence movements Chiang Kai-shek assumed he would resume the role of controlling CN President Roosevelt insisted colonialism had to end → promised Soong Mei-ling to restore HK to CN control

(Post-WWII) Economic Development of Hong Kong

Factor	Reason
Internal	Trade network from entrepot trade Dockyard infrastructures // airport // railways HK remained as a free trading port → low tax
Internal	Larger labor force → cheap wages Tech + skills + management skills + capital + investments from Shanghai
External	Embargoes → decline of entrepot → rise of HK manufacturing + light industry → textile // plastics

(Post-WWII) Success of Vitasoy

Factor	Reason
Internal	Tech advancement → pasteurization Infrastructure → transportation → roads // highways // ports // railways // airport Tech → automation // machinaries Government promoting local brands through HKBPE HK products were cheaper and of higher quality Foundation from entrepot trade → network + infrastructures Government policies → positive non-intervention → low tax rate + free foreign exchange → foreign direct investment Trade organizations → HKTDC + HKPC Polytechnic College → skilled labor Rising of middle class → consumerism
Expansion in Asia outside of HK Decline of entrepot trade → US + UN embargoes against PRC during Korean War Began to manufacture + export local products overseas Labor → mainland refugees from PRC → low cost // skilled labor Brought capital + tech + management skills Few competitions in Asia

Factor

Reason

Internal

Tech advancement → pasteurization
Infrastructure → transportation → roads // highways // ports // railways // airport
Tech → automation // machinaries
Government promoting local brands through HKBPE
HK products were cheaper and of higher quality
Foundation from entrepot trade → network + infrastructures
Government policies → positive non-intervention → low tax rate + free foreign exchange → foreign direct investment
Trade organizations → HKTDC + HKPC
Polytechnic College → skilled labor
Rising of middle class → consumerism

Expansion in Asia outside of HK
Decline of entrepot trade → US + UN embargoes against PRC during Korean War
Began to manufacture + export local products overseas
Labor → mainland refugees from PRC → low cost // skilled labor
Brought capital + tech + management skills
Few competitions in Asia

(Post-1970s) Economic Restructuring of Hong Kong

Revival of entrepot trade	Reason
Internal	Factories relocated to mainland → R/O → lower production cost HK lacked raw materials → less competitive compared to SEA / mainland Revival of entrepot → low tariffs + deep sea port → largest container terminal
Internal	Improved relation between PRC and the west → trade through HK End of embargoes HK's role → regional headquarters // investing through HK into mainland

Evolving into knowledge-based and high-value industry	Reason
Internal	Shortage of labor → aging pop // compared to region Compulsory education + tertiary education → 8 universities by 2000 + vocational → knowledge Technology → octopus cards → touchless payments Lacked government support for manufacturing industry
Internal	Protectionism → increase in tariffs + quotas for foreign goods → increased cost of HK-made products → lower competitiveness Rise of Asian countries → 4 little dragons (SK, TW, SG, JP)

Rise of finance and service sectors	Reason
Internal	Professionals → level of education → attracting foreign talents Legal system compatible with western countries Infrastructure → airport (city centre) // ports // terminals // railway Low tax rate // monetary stability → linked // pegged with USD 7.76~7.78 Geographical location → coastal + close to mainland (SZ + DG) // located in Asia → formed 24 hours financial service in HK → invest in different countries
/

Rise of finance and service sectors

Reason

Internal

Professionals → level of education → attracting foreign talents
Legal system compatible with western countries
Infrastructure → airport (city centre) // ports // terminals // railway
Low tax rate // monetary stability → linked // pegged with USD 7.76~7.78
Geographical location → coastal + close to mainland (SZ + DG) // located in Asia → formed 24 hours financial service in HK → invest in different countries

(Post-WWII) Hong Kong Relations

Aspect	Time period	Role
Political	Before WWII	Revolutionary base → overthrow Qing Promote equality + rights + freedom of Chinese → people do labor strikes Support war efforts against JP → Dongjiang Columns
Political	After WWII	Aid provider during disasters (GLF) Refuge for Chinese people (GLF // civil war // cultural revolution) Patriotic movement protecting CN sovereignty (Diaoyu Island)
Economic	Before WWII	Major entrepot trading partner → connecting CN to the world Remittance → sending money back to hometown
Economic	After WWII	Partner for rapid economic development (RAD) → HK investing in mainland Revival of entrepot trade
Social	Before WWII	Refuge (civil war // natural disasters // coolies) Education provider → for reformers/revolutionaries/Qing/ROC officials
Social	After WWII	Aid provider during disasters CN's role → necessities provider to HK (dongjiang water // food)

Aspect	Time period	Role
Political	Before WWII	Introduce western idea to CN → democracy // freedom // rights
Political	After WWII	Introducing capitalist // market economy to China after R/O
Economic	Before WWII	Entrepot trading partner to SEA countries (Sincere // NPH)
Economic	After WWII	Manufacturing products exporter to SEA countries (made in HK) (Vitasoy) Financial center (regional) → major investor to SEA Employment provider → domestic helpers → 150~180000 → remittance back to SEA
Social	Before WWII	/
Social	After WWII	Refuge for CN, Vietnamese "boat people" → Vietnam War 1970s Cultural exporter → HK movies (Bruce Lee // Jacky Chan // TVB) + music (Canto-pop) Cultural facilitators → helped spread JP culture to the region

Abbreviations / Meanings

Type	Code	Meaning
Region	SEA	Southeast Asia
	HK	Hong Kong
	US	United States
	UK	United Kingdom
Country	JP	Japan
	ROC	Republic of China
	CN	Chinese
	EN	English
	GER	Germany
	USSR	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Politics // Policies // Military	IJA	Imperial Japanese Army
	SCAP	Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers
	LDP	Liberal Democratic Party
	OPEC	Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
	VER	Voluntary Export Restraints
	VIE	Voluntary Import Expansions
	MOSS	Market-Oriented Sector-Selective
	MITI	Ministry of International Trade and Industry
	GATT	General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
Other	CN	Chinese
Other	EN	English

(Early 20th Century) Political Condition

Aspect	Details
Centralized Power	Genro (elder council) held multiple cabinet positions → appoint / choose prime minister + issue edict + advise (control) the emperor + choose which laws to pass
Advantages	Efficiency → powerful families stabilize JP as a whole
Disadvantages	Lack of representation // Power concentrated in the hands of a few people // Party politics not effective

(Early 20th Century) Military Condition

Aspect	Details
Stability	Military not controlled by elected officials // Continuous increase of military expenditure → expansionist policy
Example: (1913) Constitution Protection Movement	Army and Navy ministers demanded increasing expenditures → forced the cabinet to dissolve by resigning until demands were met // Constitution protection movement → against the emperor forcing to form a cabinet → violated constitution / democracy // Military dominated political scenes → weak party politics / democratic process → rising demands for democracy
Characteristics of Militarism	Superiority Thoughts → Extreme nationalism → foreign expansions // genocide // racial superiority → supporters = ultranationalists // Japanese Self-identification → Yamato race → view themselves as more superior than other Asians → able to defeat western powers → avoid being colonized → destined to lead Asia against the west → by colonizing Asian countries → ultra nationalists + groups → foreign expansion // Seppuku → Absolute loyalty and obedience → prevent being captured / tortured → not release information to enemy → seppuku ritual / ceremony

(Early 20th Century) Economic Conditions

Aspect	Details
Change of Mining Industry	Rapid industrialization → coal + steel → heavy industry → convict / forced paid labor → exploitation
Light (Textile) Industry	Conditions: Widespread exploitation against women and children → low wages + harsh working environment + work hazards + diseases // Children = assets for factories → expendable → long working hours + paid 1 sen // Children → obedient + without fear of danger // Modernization: Use of machines // mass production // division of labor // assembly line → higher efficiency / productivity → 24 hours production + wage labor
Actions on Natural Resources	Inadequate natural resources → foreign expansion → colonies → targeted Korean peninsula / Manchuria / SEA
JP Industrial Development	Increased: Textile: from 152 to 416 from 1912~1938 → 3 times
Zaibatsu	Mitsubishi // mitsui // sumitomo // Yasuda → promoted industrialization → monopolize → many industries → horizontal + vertical integration → government relied on zaibatsu → increased influence → collusion / corruption → supported militarism // Positive: Promoted industrialization → have capital + labor + raw materials // Negative: Unequal distribution of wealth → collusion / corruption + not a supporter for democracy
WWI	1914 ~ 1918 → increasing econ development → WWI Europe was destroyed → needed supplies and products from JP → econ peaked around WWI
Post-WWI	JP econ stagnation → Europe econ recovery → JP econ sharp decline after WWI → worst during Great Depression → 80% decline of banks
1930s	Gradual increase of military burden → 6% in 1920 to 23% in 1938 → war bonds in postal office / banks → civilian loan money to country → return with interest after X years

(Early 20th Century) Social Conditions

Aspect	Details
Freedom / Human Rights	Limited freedom → freedom with conditions → cannot against emperor // against law // must respect conditions // customs // emperor
Education	Modernization: Subject / topic = based on western products / invention // Learning English language // Increasing primary students → 800000 in 1900 to 1.2 million in 1907 // Traditional: Filial piety toward parents / elders // Respect constitution / laws / order // Patriotic / sacrifice for JP / emperor
(1918) Rice Riot	Government bought rice from farmers at low prices → support military expansion + overseas troops → discontent against party politicians → support militarists → foreign expansion → resolve socio-econ problems
Food and Cuisines	Modernization: Hairstyle → cut off queue / ponytail / bun // Food / drink / diet → utensils / omurice / pasta / hamburg steak

(Early 20th Century) Diplomatic Conditions

Aspect	Details
(1894-1895) Sino-Japanese War	Message: Japan being perceived as weaker than China has defeated China in the Sino-Japanese War // Clue: Samurai
International Status	Achieved: Invited to draft the Treaty of Versailles // Colonized Korean peninsula after Russo-Japanese War // Joining anti-communist alliance with US, Fr, UK // Not achieved: Racial discrimination by the US → immigration act // League of Nations → JP must return // Manchuria to China → illegal invasion

(Early 20th Century ~ Pre-WWII) Factors Leading to Militarism

Factor	Details
Military	Longstanding military tradition
	JP Imperial Reserve Association → 2 million members throughout JP → use reserve association to influence general public on their perspective of war / foreign expansion → justify and support war
	226 / 515 coup → more support to militarism to have political stability → avoid criticizing militarists → avoid being targeted as political enemy → solidifying militarist rule → extreme nationalism / patriotism
	Army / navy minister can resign → dissolve cabinet until increase military expenditure → government dominated by the military
Political	Loyalty towards the emperor of JP → not to take any political sides → remain neutral
	Hideki Tojo formed cabinet → centralized power → militarists
	Weak emperor (Taisho Period) → increasing militarist influence → militarists and party politicians fought each other for power → unstable government / cabinet → paralyzing government
	Increasing collusion and corruption among party politicians → social discontent → people supported militarism → 15000 cases cheating in elections → disregard public interest → bribery (building schools / bridges / roads to gain votes)
	(External) Washington Conference → fixed ratio of tonnage in navy (UK:US:JP = 5:5:3) → JP has less tonnage → JP felt 60% of naval power was unfair
	(Education) Expected qualities and values → moral / ethics / values → loyalty + courage + kindness
Economical	JP econ declination after WWI → people supported militarism
	JP had limited resources + post-WWI had econ stagnation + (1923) Great Kanto Earthquake caused 100000 deaths and 40 banks closed down + (1929) Great Depression → militarists suggested expansionists policies + colonization of Asia + war against the wealthy countries is justified
	1929 → Great Depression → JP lacked natural resources → militarists suggested econ integration (colonization between JP and CN) → CN = resources // JP = capital + intelligence → exploit CN resources + labor force → JP industrialization → raw materials + markets → totalitarian states have faster econ recovery during GD → JP foreign expansion → econ growth → rapid militarization → 99% government expenditure toward military

(WWII) Japanese Participation

Aspect	Details
Japan's Participation in the Axis Power	Axis powers → military alliance between GER, JP, Italy in WWII // JP = anti-communist → JP tradition → spiritual leader = emperor → communism = natural enemy to government system
Japan's Foreign Expansion	Northwards → Korean peninsula & Manchuria // China & industrial resources // Southwards → Shanghai / Nanjing / HK & coastal areas / ports // Westwards → SEA & natural resources / oil / rubber / food
Japan's Self-identification of its Responsibility in Asia	Defend Asia against the west → colonizing Asia → under JP control → pan-asianism → JP as leader against western expansion
Japan's Slogan	Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere
Japanese Invasion of Manchuria	9-18 Incident → JP invasion → claimed JP-owned railway was destroyed by CN → Lytton Report → LoN required JP withdraw from CN territories → JP withdraw from LoN

(Post-WWII) Japanese Surrender

Aspect	Details
SCAP Occupation	JP defeated → Emperor Hirohito surrender → occupied by SCAP government → demilitarization → Show that the Emperor is not a god // Partnership / ally for the capitalist bloc during Cold War → show equal status between US and JP
Factors Affecting Difference between JP and GER after WWII under US Occupation	Start of Cold War → US needed a reliable ally in Asia to counter USSR / PRC // JP as a base for capitalist bloc + military base
Attitude of Gen. MacArthur towards JP	Mixed → Friendly / respectful toward emperor → removed emperor from list of war criminals // Forced JP to follow demands / orders by US

(1950~2000s) Political Conditions

Aspect	Details
Background	(External Factor) Japan under pressure from SCAP → implemented a new constitution
Declarations	Sovereignty rests with people (not emperor) // Emperor is a symbolic leader only → no political functions // Renunciation of war → can no longer declare war // Non-possession of military force (Article 9) → self-defense force only // Restricted JP renunciation of war // Citizens' rights and obligations // Equality among all citizens // Political participation by all // Religion freedom // Freedom in publications / movements / marriages // Protect private properties // Rule of law // Diet as the highest legislative body
Anti-monopoly Policy	Demilitarization → against militarism supports during WWII → dissolve zaibatsu
Stability	Before: Pre-WWII → political instability → political assassinations / military coups → resume party politics // After: Political stability → LDP dominated elections for ~40 years → militarism
Reverse Course	Cold War → US government thinks SCAP policies are too socialist // Revise earlier SCAP policies // Use JP as an example to show the world that capitalism is superior
Role Changes	Emperor (Before Meiji): Command military // Appoint / dismiss officials // Control diet // Sacred and inviolable
	Emperor (After Surrender): Symbolic leader // No sovereign power // Can no longer control diet // no political / military power
	Diet (Before): Limited authority → no decision-making power // House of peers: nobles // house of representatives: limited representation // House of peers has veto power
	Diet (After): Responsible to the people and not emperor // All members elected // House of representatives have greatest power
	Prime Minister and Cabinet (Before): Appointed by and responsible to the emperor
	Prime Minister and Cabinet (After): Responsible to the people
	Judiciary (After): Became independent → separation of powers // Rule of law
Military (Before)	Military dictatorship → militarism // Controlled cabinet // Declared wars // Not controlled by Diet or Prime Minister // Direct access to emperor
Military (Before)	Military (After): Army and navy disbanded // Small-sized military for self-defense // Mutual security pact = US stationed troops in JP
The people (Before)	Only wealthy males / who pay taxes can vote // Universal male suffrage (1925) // Had little knowledge about democracy
The people (Before)	The people (After): Universal suffrage // More freedom of speech and knowledge on democracy // Forming political parties
Privy council (Before)	Advisors to the emperor // Direct access to the emperor // Appointed by emperor // More powerful than the cabinet and diet
Privy council (After)	Council was dissolved: demilitarization

(1950~2000s) Economic Conditions

Category	Factor	Explanation
External	Cold War	Against USSR / PRC / DPRK → considered rearm JP as a military ally
	Declaration	Reduce military expenditure → reliance on US military → small-scale self-defense force → less than 1% GNP for military → resources invested in tech / econ Treaty of San Francisco (post-war settlement for Asia pacific) → JP make reparations to allied forces → not by cash // by services / production → factories in SEA → a portion of manufactured products will be given as reparations → - SEA reliance on JP products → JP products enter SEA markets - Trade networks in SEA
	Dodge Plan	Advantage: stabilized econ + currency → set a foundation for future growth + promote export / trade Disadvantage: Econ will slow due to government spending
	Agricultural reform	Poor living conditions after WWII → SCAP to support farmers / workers → improve quality of life → prevent rise of communism in JP Against the wealthy / landlords that were militarists during WWII → demilitarization
	Korean War	Korean War led to econ growth in JP → special procurement from US → JP benefited from KR’s suffering / war
Internal	Government policies	- MITI → give direction for tech industry → focus on specific sectors (high tech) → ‘double steel production’ → direct resources - Coordinate large companies (previously zaibatsu) - International organizations → GATT (WTO) / IMF / OECD - Boost export / trade // loans for development // formulate policies with other countries - ’Income doubling plan’ within 10 years → success - Low interest / tax rate → boost spending - Investment in infrastructure
	Production of hi-tech goods	Increasing → - Car → 1300 to 4.5 million → Toyota / Nissan / Suzuki / Honda / Mitsubishi → low fuel consumption / more efficient - Camera → 0 to 4.5 million → Nikon / Fuji - TV → 0 to 7.5 million → Panasonic / Toshiba / Sony
	Food price	Stable - JP income doubling → lower cost of necessities → higher savings and consumer spending → increased spending on consumer products (electronics / cars) - Increased savings
	Karoshi	Obedience and sacrifices → bushido towards company for econ recovery / miracle
	Societal change	- Wilingness to learn: Tech transfer / advancement → Toyota → new industries: auto car / semi-conductor / computer / video games / electronics / watches - Savings / investments: Highest saving rates in the world → deposit in banks → banks to invest in JP industries → econ growth - Unique management style: Life-time employment → wage related to seniority (years of work) → stable work environment + harmonious → like a family → less conflicts + higher efficiency - Narrowing of urban-rural disparity: Rural → labor force surplus → too many farmers / too few land → low income + low productivity // 1970s → rural-urban migration → manufacturing / factory jobs → increase job opportunities → increase wages → labor shortage → lessen disparity - Higher purchasing power: Three sacred treasures → television + refrigerator + washing machine → increase quality of life + entertainment + productivity of women + convenience + women employment → join labor force → changes in women’s role / empowerment - More travelling: Number of JP people travelling abroad → increasing: 0 in 1965 to 20,000,000 in 2000 → middle class → high disposable income / expenditure → popular destination: hong kong - Trend of JP Yen: Gradual increase of value of Yen (0.35 in 1980 to 1.2 in 2010) → higher yen → JP products more expensive → less consumers choose JP products

(1973) Japan Oil Crisis

Aspect	Details
Factors	Conflicts / war → oil supply decrease // OPEC countries → increase oil price → decrease supply on purpose → negotiate higher prices
Course	OPEC set policies to quadruple the price of oil → panic buying (detergent / toilet tissue) → shortage of goods
Impacts	Positive: Development in auto industry → higher efficiency of engines / higher mileage of cars → better than US / EU cars // 1970s → JP governments decrease interest rates → boost lending to companies → lower borrowing costs → companies expand / operate → improve economy // Before: reliance on imported fossil fuels → on crisis → negatively affect econ // After: energy sources more diversified → increase in nuclear → stabilize cost → econ development // Advanced tech: dev electronics / consumer products → alleviate oil crisis → household appliances (colored TV / washer / refrigerator) // semi-conductors (computer) → domestic + international consumption
Impacts	Negative: Decline in JP oil / energy dependent industries (heavy industry): higher production costs

(1970s) Trade Disputes between US and Japan

Aspect	Details
VER	JP to restrict export to US + tariffs on JP products → reduce JP exports // JP products become less competitive → JP econ decline
VIE	JP import US products → increase US companies → competition → JP companies are pressured
MOSS	US companies enter JP market → through investments / US products

(1990s) Women's Empowerment

Aspect	Details
Marriage	People are marrying at a later age (edu + career) → “proper” age to marry is disappearing → less dependency on men / family → financial independence
Education	Higher level of education (1955: 2.4% female senior high school graduates entered four-year university → 22.9% in 1995)
Employment	More female force participation → M-shaped curve → high women employment → high employment during youth / late adult + low employment in the 30s (caretaking role)

(1950~2000s) Diplomatic Conditions

Aspect	Details
Yasukuni Shrine	Worshipping those who sacrificed for JP during wars → symbolizes a praise of loyalty / obedience + represents JP’s right wing / ultranationalists (a minority with huge influence on JP politics) + religious practice regardless of war debts // JP soldiers who committed war crimes → category 1 war criminals → judged by international court / UN → executed post-war → praising will negatively affect JP relations with PRC / ROK / SEA // JP government officials should not visit the shrine as a sign of respect to neighbouring countries
Comfort Women and Territory Disputes	Continuous disputes about comfort women and territories between JP and PRC, ROK → compensations // Diaoyu island / Dokdo island → for national resources / natural gas / fishing rights / maritime claims / shipping routes

Aspect

Details

Yasukuni Shrine

Worshipping those who sacrificed for JP during wars → symbolizes a praise of loyalty / obedience + represents JP’s right wing / ultranationalists (a minority with huge influence on JP politics) + religious practice regardless of war debts // JP soldiers who committed war crimes → category 1 war criminals → judged by international court / UN → executed post-war → praising will negatively affect JP relations with PRC / ROK / SEA // JP government officials should not visit the shrine as a sign of respect to neighbouring countries

Comfort Women and Territory Disputes

Continuous disputes about comfort women and territories between JP and PRC, ROK → compensations // Diaoyu island / Dokdo island → for national resources / natural gas / fishing rights / maritime claims / shipping routes

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(1850~1950) Chinese Influencers in Hong Kong

(Pre-WWII) Hong Kong Modernization

Imperial Japanese Occupation of Hong Kong

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(Early 20th Century) Political Condition

(Early 20th Century) Military Condition

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(Post-WWII) Japanese Surrender

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(1950~2000s) Economic Conditions

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(1990s) Women's Empowerment

(1950~2000s) Diplomatic Conditions

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